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The canons of page construction are a set of principles in the field of book design used to describe the ways that page proportions, margins and type areas (print spaces) of books are constructed. The notion of canons, or laws of form, of book page construction was popularized by Jan Tschichold in the mid to late twentieth century, based on the work of J. A. van de Graaf, Raúl M. Rosarivo, Hans Kayser, and others.〔Tschichold, Jan, ''The Form of the Book''. p.46, Hartley & Marks (1991), ISBN 0-88179-116-4.〕 Tschichold wrote, “Though largely forgotten today, methods and rules upon which it is impossible to improve have been developed for centuries. To produce perfect books these rules have to be brought to life and applied.”〔As cited in Hendel, Richard. ''On Book Design'', p.7〕 Kayser's 1946 ''Ein harmonikaler Teilungskanon''〔Hans Kayser, ''Ein harmonikaler Teilungskanon: Analyse einer geometrischen Figur im Bauhüttenbuch Villard de Honnecourt'' (A canon for harmonious page division: analysis of a geometric figure in Bauhaus book of Villard de Honnecourt). Zurich: Occident-Verlag, 1946. cited by web page loaded 2006-09-11 (Writings on Villard de Honnecourt, 1900-1949 ) "An article-length (p. 32) attempt to demonstrate the use of Pythagorian musical proportion as the basis for the geometry in three of Villard's figures: fol. 18r, two figures at the bottom; and fol. 19r, rightmost figure in the second row from the top. While the geometric design itself is unquestionably that generated from the Pythagorian monochord, Kayser does not convince the reader that Villard understood its musical basis. Kayser apparently worked from photographs of the original folios, and the significance of Kayser's claim may be summarized in his own admission (p.30) that Villard's geometry does not match that of the Pythagorean design when correctly drawn."〕 had earlier used the term canon in this context. Typographers and book designers apply these principles to this day, with variations related to the availability of standardized paper sizes, and the diverse types of commercially printed books. == Van de Graaf canon == The Van de Graaf canon is a historical reconstruction of a method that may have been used in book design to divide a page in pleasing proportions.〔Van de Graaf, J. A. , ''Nieuwe berekening voor de vormgeving.'' (1946) (as cited by Tschichold and others; original not examined)〕 This canon is also known as the "secret canon" used in many medieval manuscripts and incunabula. The geometrical solution of the construction of Van de Graaf's canon, which works for any page width:height ratio, enables the book designer to position the text body in a specific area of the page. Using the canon, the proportions are maintained while creating pleasing and functional margins of size 1/9 and 2/9 of the page size.〔Tschichold, Jan, ''The Form of the Book''. pp.28,37,48,51,58,61,138,167,174, Hartley & Marks (1991), ISBN 0-88179-116-4.〕 The resulting inside margin is one-half of the outside margin, and of proportions 2:3:4:6 (inner:top:outer:bottom) when the page proportion is 2:3 (more generally 1:R:2:2R for page proportion 1:R〔Max, Stanley M. (2010) "The 'Golden Canon' of book-page construction: proving the proportions geometrically," ''Journal of Mathematics and the Arts'', 4:3, 137-141. ()〕). This method was discovered by Van de Graaf, and used by Tschichold and other contemporary designers; they speculate that it may be older.〔Hurlburt, Allen, ''Grid: A Modular System for the Design and Production of Newspapers, Magazines, and Books'', p.71, John Wiley and Sons (1982) ISBN 0-471-28923-X〕 The page proportions vary, but most commonly used is the 2:3 proportion. Tschichold writes "For purposes of better comparison I have based his figure on a page proportion of 2:3, which Van de Graaf does not use."〔Tschichold , ''The Form of the Book'' p.45〕 In this canon the text area and page size are of same proportions, and the height of the text area equals the page width. This canon was popularized by Jan Tschichold in his book ''The Form of the Book''.〔 Robert Bringhurst, in his ''The Elements of Typographic Style'', asserts that the proportions that are useful for the shapes of pages are equally useful in shaping and positioning the textblock. This was often the case in medieval books, although later on in the Renaissance, typographers preferred to apply a more polyphonic page in which the proportions of page and textblock would differ.〔Bringhurst, ''The Elements of Typographic Style'', p.163〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Canons of page construction」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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